Department's research highlighted in the Oxford Science Blog
18/01/2010
Feeding the futureGuest: Penny Sarchet | 06 Jan 10 | 0 comments
At the current growth rate the global population is predicted to reach 10 billion by 2050. To feed this many people, food production worldwide will need to double during a period when climate change will worsen, fossil fuels will dwindle, and water availability will become unpredictable.
In addition, if we are to protect what biodiversity we can, this doubling of agricultural output must take place using the same amount of farmland, without impacting upon remaining natural habitats.
To tackle this problem, scientists in Oxford University’s Department of Plant Sciences are aiming to develop high-yield crop strains which will be better adapted to this climate-altered, resource-poor agricultural landscape of the near future.
Boosting rice crops
Professor Jane Langdale, Head of the Department of Plant Sciences, is engaged in the ‘C4 Rice’ project, an international effort funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [more here]. 700 million people in Asia currently depend on rice for the bulk of their calorific intake and it is predicted that during the next 40 years, rice production needs to increase by 50 per cent in order to feed the growing Asian population, whilst adapting to adverse changes in climate and water availability.
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and the energy from sunlight into chemical energy and takes place in cell organelles called chloroplasts. The chemical energy produced in these chloroplasts is then used by plants to live, grow, and in the case of crops, produce grain.
Conventional rice varieties use a standard photosynthesis pathway known as ‘C3’, but under certain conditions, such as warmer temperatures, this pathway is inefficient. A number of plants, including maize, have evolved an extra photosynthesis pathway, called ‘C4’, to solve this problem. The C4 photosynthesis pathway can increase efficiency by 50 per cent and iintroducing it into rice could provide the answer to Asia’s impending food problem.
The C4 Rice project is often quoted as being ‘highly ambitious’. In order to work, large changes need to be made to both the anatomy of rice leaves and the chemical reactions that take place inside them. However, there is encouraging evidence that it could be done.
Jane’s work on the GLK genes suggests that they may play a role in regulating whether a plant’s chloroplasts use C3 or C4 photosynthesis. Ongoing work in her laboratory seeks to put GLK genes from maize, a naturally C4 crop, into rice plants. Her work on chloroplasts began due to an interest in the genetic control of development in plants, rather than a specific aim to put C4 photosynthesis into other plant species. Whilst developing new C4 crops had always seemed like an interesting idea, she never thought it would be realistic.
20 years of chloroplast research later, Jane was ready to move into new research areas. It was at this point, in 2006, that the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) invited Jane to a C4 Rice Consortium workshop. Originally reluctant to go, she was persuaded to attend by Julian Hibberd from the University of Cambridge, and found herself getting excited by the proposed project. She is now 5 months into a 3 year “proof of concept” project involved in testing the feasibility of C4 Rice, a necessary step called for by a paper inCurrent Opinions in Plant Biology written with Julian and John Sheehy from IRRI last year.
Using less fertiliser
As well as facing climate change, 21st century agriculture will also have to cope with the decline in fossil fuels. The work of Oxford’s new Sherardian Professor of Botany, Liam Dolan, aims to produce crops which grow healthily without excessive phosphate-rich fertiliser application.
Phosphate is required by all living organisms to build cellular components and the low availability of phosphate in natural environments can severely limit plant growth. The soil of all of sub-Saharan Africa and one third of China is deficient in this crucial nutrient. The application of artificial fertilisers all over the world has so far dealt with this problem and contributed to the increase in productivity seen in the Green Revolution of the 20th Century.
Phosphate is extracted from mines, mainly in Morocco, the USA, China, the Former Soviet Union and South Africa, with 80 per cent of the phosphate produced being put into fertilisers. The extraction and transport of phosphate for agricultural use constitutes a considerable annual cost and carries a large carbon footprint. Furthermore, like oil, phosphate reserves are finite, and some predictions claim that phosphate mines could be exhausted within the next 30 years.
Liam’s work aims to develop crops which are better adapted to scavenge their own phosphate from the soil, making them less dependent on artificial fertilisers.
Plants can naturally extract their own phosphate from the soil using root hairs, single-cell structures which grow along roots. Liam’s research group have discovered a family of genes which control root hair growth and they are working to modulate the expression of these genes in crop plants. Their aim is to increase the number of root hairs a plant produces in response to naturally occurring phosphate in the soil. They have developed transgenic wheat and rice varieties capable of producing longer root hairs and are now moving on to field experiments to test the yield of these plants in the absence of commercial fertiliser.
Unlike Jane Langdale’s chloroplast work, this has always been the aim for Liam. He jokes that his team are now finally at the stage he had hoped to be at by the end of his PhD, explaining that this has been a very large project, starting from scratch and requiring the discovery of all the necessary genes involved.
Planning for 21st Century
In light of the global food security crisis we will soon be facing, the University’s Department of Plant Sciences will next year be launching a 21st Century Cropsresearch initiative. This initiative seeks to found an Oxford Professorship in Crop Science and to encourage translational research, so that discoveries made about plant metabolism, growth and development can be transferred to agriculturally valuable crop plants.
However, both Jane and Liam believe that whilst plant science has a lot to offer in solving the food security challenge, the role of governments and funding bodies is crucial, a point that was emphasised at the 'Food Security in the 21st Century' Symposium hosted by the Department’s graduate students last October.
Due to the unequal distribution of global wealth, the countries facing the most immediate problems do not have the funds to overcome them. Jane argues that to tackle food security there must be sustained funding and input from wealthy countries in order to bring about developing nation benefits. Liam points out that every day the same number of people die from malnutrition as from cancer, reflecting the bias of interest in developed countries. However, whilst scientific research alone cannot solve the issue of food security in the face of global politics, it is, says Jane, a very exciting time to be a plant scientist.
Penny Sarchet is based at Oxford University's Department of Plant Sciences
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Oxford Forester Will Hawthorne advises the Ghost Forest project, currently on display in London’s Trafalgar Square
23/11/2009
William Hawthorne got a big mention in relation to the Ghost Forest installation in Trafalgar Square:
"A lot of people at the university really bought into the project, like this wonderful guy at Plant Sciences, William Hawthorne. He happens to be a world expert on Ghana’s rainforests."
The Oxford Times article is at:
Wooden_ghosts_sent_to_haunt_us
The Oxford University Blog also mentions William and this art project:
http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2009/091119_1.html
Plant named in recognition of Dr Caroline Pannell
19/10/2009
A rare tropical rain forest tree has been discovered by an American botanist working in Papua New Guinea. Wayne Takeuchi found the plant in a remote mountainous area of the country and has called it Aglaia pannelliana, in recognition of the scientific contributions of Caroline M. Pannell. Dr Pannell is the authority on Aglaia, the largest genus in the mahogany family. The Department is pleased to congratulate Caroline.
This material for the website of the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, first appeared in an article titled 'Occurrence records in Papuasian Aglaia (Meliaceae): A. pannelliana and A. puberulantherafrom the southern karst of Papua New Guinea', in Harvard Papers in Botany 14(1), 2009, pages 31-38, and is reprinted here with permission of the editors of Harvard Papers in Botany.
Partnership funds research into biodiversity
02/09/2009
The Department of Plant Sciences has joined forces with IHG (InterContinental Hotels Group), the world’s largest hotel company, to accelerate vital and innovative research into conservation. IHG have pledged up to $1 million to fund research into biodiversity which will help to pinpoint and publicise areas of the planet - small in some cases - that have the greatest concentration of rare and threatened plants, any of which could be useful to all of us one day. Full details of the partnership between IHG and the Department of Plant Sciences can be found here:
$1m to improve 'hotspot' conservation
Nick Brown took part in Home Planet on BBC Radio 4
14/08/2009
On Tuesday 11th August Nick took part in Home Planet BBC Radio 4. He dealt with listeners' questions on environmental issues. You can hear the programme on the BBC iPlayer
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b00lydx5
3 Month BES Fellowship for Becky Ross
26/05/2009
Congratulations to Becky Ross, who has been offered a three-month Fellowship, sponsored by the British Ecological Society (BES), at the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST). The BES fellowship funds a PhD student to spend a three-month period working at Westminster on the production of a POSTnote. POSTnotes are briefing documents for Parliament on scientific issues; current POSTnotes include a range of topics which are of interest to plant scientists, such as REDD, Biodiversity and Climate Change, and UK Crop Protection. The BES fellowship is open to all UK PhD students working on ecologically-related subjects. To win the fellowship, Becky wrote an example POSTnote on the topic "The Pollinator Problem: looking beyond honeybees" and was subsequently interviewed by a panel of POST and BES employees. During her Fellowship, she will choose a topic for a POSTnote, defend her choice to the POST Board, research the topic through academic and government channels, and write the POSTnote. This will be published by POST and made available to Parliament and to the wider world.
Nick Harberd elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society
15/05/2009
We are delighted to announce that Nick Harberd, Sibthorpian Professor of Plant Science, has been elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society in recognition of his contribution to plant science. Nick moved to Oxford from the John Innes Centre, Norwich, in 2007. His major discoveries have revealed how hormones control the growth of plants. Nick is also author of the bestselling book "Seed to Seed: The Secret Life of Plants".
Nick Brown took part in Home Planet on BBC Radio 4
22/01/2009
On Tuesday 20th January Nick took part in Home Planet BBC Radio 4. He dealt with listeners' questions on environmental issues. You can hear the programme on the BBC iPlayer
www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00grgkg/home_planet_20_01_2009/
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Researchers to grow rice
21/01/2009
A team from the Department of Plant Sciences is taking part in an $11m grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The initiative is being led by the International Rice Research Institute and the Oxford team will focus on the role specific genes play in determining the structure of plants such as maize that enable them to harness solar energy efficiently.
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Departmental contribution to new exciting study on evolution of leaf shape
09/01/2009
Work from our Department features in a recent “Science” paper demonstrating that CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON transcriptional regulators are necessary to direct compound leaf formation in diverse plant species ranging from the basal eudicot Columbine to pea, tomato and mustards (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/322/5909/1835). Compound leaf morphology was independently derived in these lineages, therefore this comparative investigation is a striking example of the repeated evolutionary deployment of a key developmental regulator in sculpting diverse organ shapes. The study makes heavy use of the Arabidopsis thaliana relative, Cardamine hirsuta, which is a novel model system developed by Miltos Tsiantis and Angela Hay who collaborated on this study with P.Laufs in Versaille who lead the study.
The story is also featured in a news article in “Nature”
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RAE success
18/12/2008
The Department is pleased to announce the results of the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise. Based on three criteria (percentage 4*, GPA and 'rank of ranks') we have been ranked 4th out of 52 Biological Sciences Research Institutions in the UK.
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Mr MHR Soper, OBE, University Lecturer in Agricultural Science and Student of Christ Church
26/11/2008
Mike Soper was a long-serving University Lecturer in the former Department of Agricultural Science: he was also in charge of the University Farm at Wytham and for 31 years Secretary of the Oxford Farming Conference. Mike retired in the late 1970s and died on 26 October 2008 at the age of 95. At Mike's suggestion and by way of a retirement present the Mike Soper Bursary Fund was set up and each year this fund provides travel bursaries to students studying biological sciences at Oxford University to enable them to pursue their studies outside Oxford.
A memorial service for Mike will be held at 12 noon on Thursday 4 December at St Mary's Church, Wallingford (OX10 0DX). Mike's family have very generously decided that the proceeds of the collection made during the service will be donated to the Mike Soper Bursary Fund.
Nick Brown appears on the BBC Radio 4 programme, Home Planet
18/08/2008
Nick Brown appeared as a panelist on a recent edition on the BBC Radio 4 programme, Home Planet that discussed Britain's birdlife and the forest and woodland habitats that supports it.
To hear the programme
click here
Department launches major new fundraising campaign - 'Plants for the 21st Century'
17/06/2008
Visit our Fundraising pages for more information.
Nick Brown on BBC Radio 4's Home Planet programme
20/02/2008
To listen again to the programme (originally broadcast on the 19th of February)
click here
Dr Nick Brown is a panellist on Radio 4's Home Planet. TODAY at 15:00
19/02/2008
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Miltos Tsiantis Elected to the GARNet committee
29/01/2007
Miltos has been elected to the GARNet committee along with Jim Beynon (Warwick HRI) and Philip White (SCRI)
For more details of GARNet remit and activities, see http://garnet.arabidopsis.info/
The fungus Serpula lacrymans, cause of dry rot in buildings, will be sequenced by the USA Department of Environment Joint Genome
29/11/2006
3 & 4 year BBSRC-funded D.Phil. studentships available for 2007
15/11/2006
We currently have a number of 3 or 4 year BBSRC studentships available for 2007. BBSRC provide full fees and maintenance to UK Nationals, fees only to EU citizens but does not fund non-EU citizens. Eligibility for BBSRC funding can be found at www.bbsrc.ac.uk/funding/training/eligibility.pdf.
Throughout the year we will know of other guaranteed funding and will advertise this as it becomes available. Available funding and studentships will be offered to suitable and eligible candidates on a first come first served basis.
See Fees and funding for details of scholarship programmes and fees requirements
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Undergraduate teaching in biosciences at Oxford ranked best in UK according to the Guardian University Guide
08/05/2006
http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education?SearchBySubject=false&FirstRow=0&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=GuardianTeachingScore&Subject=Biosciences&Tariff=1&Go=Submit
Mhairi Dupre to write a column for Nature
06/02/2006
Mhairi Dupre, a first year PhD student in Jane Langdale's lab has won a prestigious competition run by Nature to publicly reflect on the progress of her PhD. Mhairi is one of four students from around the world who has been awarded the privilege this year. The column she will be writing is the Graduate Journal which appears monthly in Nature, and documents the experiences of graduate students at various stages of their career. The winners will be introduced in the February 9th issue of Nature, with Mhairi’s first article appearing on February the 29th.
The research of Ms Tonya Lander featured in the newsletter of the Genetics society
07/11/2005
Tonya is a DPhil student being supervised by Dr Stephen Harris. To read the article in the Genetics Society newsletter click here
Applications invited for career development fellowship
08/09/2005
New discovery about plant development could lead to increased crop yields
07/09/2005
Research by Miltos Tsiantis' group published in the journal Current Biology has shed new light on the function of KNOX proteins in the hormonal control of meristem activity. Ultimately, this knowledge could be exploited to alter plant growth patterns and could help to increase crop yields in agriculture. For more information see News release
Biology Undergraduate Open Day, Sept 16
07/09/2005
For more information see Biology homepage
The President of Peking University visits the department
09/05/2005
The President of Peking University, Professor Xu Zhihong - a plant scientist by training, visited the Department on the 26th April. He listened to a range of research presentations from members of the Life Sciences Division including two given by members of the Department of Plant Sciences. Sarah Gurr talked about 'Cereal Killers:outwitting plant pathogenic fungi' and Marc Knight gave a talk entitled 'Understanding plant responses to stress'
Philip Stewart presents a novel design for the Periodic Table
15/02/2005
Inspired by a spiral version of the Periodic Table in the Festival of Britain of 1951, Philip Stewart has produced a novel design of the periodic table. He has developed this design into a poster - "The Chemical Galaxy" aimed at schools. The poster was featured in an article by Martin Kemp in Nature (2005) 433: 461.
click here to download poster
Paper by Swidzinski, Leaver & Sweetlove 3rd most accessed paper this month in Phytochemistry
11/02/2005
Swidzinski J, Leaver CJ & Sweetlove (2004) A proteomic analysis of plant programmed cell death. Phytochem 65: 1829
is number 3 in the list of the top 25 most accessed articles this month in Phytochemistry
click here for more information
Chris Leaver elected as Chairman of the Executive Committe of the Biochemical Society
10/02/2005
Having previously served as vice-chairman for the past three years, Chris has now taken on the role of chairman. His election to this post was announced in The Biochemist
(click here to download pdf)
Gail Preston profiled in Royal Society "Excellence in Science" newsletter
16/12/2004
http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/publication.asp?id=2764
Dr L Sweetlove appointed as a University Lecturer in Plant Science
24/11/2004
Lee Sweetlove has been appointed as a University Lecturer in Plant Science at the department and in association with St Cross College. Lee will continue to hold his BBSRC David Phillips fellowship until October 2006.
Applications invited for Glasstone Research Fellowship
22/11/2004
Applications are invited for the Glasstone Postdoctoral Research Fellowship tenable at the University of Oxford, in the fields of Plant Sciences, Chemistry (Inorganic, Organic or Physical), Engineering, Mathematics, Materials Science, and Physics. The fellowships will be tenable for one year with a possibility of renewal for up to two further years. The awards will be available from 1 October 2005 or as soon as possible thereafter. Applicants should have submitted for their doctorate by the time of taking up a fellowship (normally 1 October of the year in which the offer is made). There is no age limit but applicants should not normally have had more than five years of post-doctoral research experience.
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Refurbished Herbarium reopened by Peter Raven
02/11/2004
Re-furbished Fielding-Druce Herbarium opened
Professor Peter Raven, Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, reopened the Fielding-Druce Herbarium on the 2nd July 2004 following a major refurbishment of the facilities (details at http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/fho_refurbishment.htm). The reopening was preceded by a lecture from Prof. Raven, entitled ‘Plant, sustainability, and our common future’, to a capacity audience in the Department of Plant Sciences. Professor Leaver presented Prof. Raven with the second Sibthorp medal. The Sibthorp medal is presented by the Department for excellence in Plant Sciences.
The refurbishment of the Fielding-Druce Herbarium completes a major up-grading of the physical conditions and research facilities funded by a generous grants from HEFCE,
via the Science Research Investment Fund (SRIF), and the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, for which the Department of Plant Sciences are very grateful.
Click here for photographs
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